ABSTRACT: 

Bismuth oxides are well-known electro-catalysts in fuel cells systems; they are usually used as anodic materials for the oxidation of low molecular weight alcohols. The utilization of BiO2 and MnO2 as catalysts in the pharmaceutical analysis is analytical method for the determination of heavy metal antibacterial agents in Pharmaceutical Dosage form is developed. The method is based on the voltammetric determination of heavy metal using Bidified platinum electrode by Bismuth oxide. The two components are oxidized at the Bidified electrode surface with the development of current that is linearly proportional to their concentrations in the range of 7.04*10-7- 1*10-3 M heavy metal. The oxidation reaction of the two components is pH-dependent, in which the buffer used is Britton-Robinson at pH = 7.00 where maximum peak current and maximum peak separation is obtained. The regression factors obtained from the calibration curves are 0.9812. The method of analysis was validated, where the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated to be 1.44*10-4 M, 4.36*10-4 M and 1.27*10-4 M, 3.84*10-4 M respectively, the percentage recovery of both components was also calculated to 77 % for heavy metal.

Keywords:   Heavy metal, Differential pulse voltammograms, Cyclic Voltammetry, Bismuth, Nanoparticle

ABSTRACT: 

The research aimed to study the causes and difficulties that beset the process of executing construction projects, by studying the provisions of the standard contracting contract FIDIC, which is used by the Ministry of Public Works and other public institutions in Jordan, whether the fourth edition of it or the 99th edition, noting that the unified contracting contract book for the year 1996 is It is only the FIDIC contract with its fourth edition and its amendments. Also, this study aims to clarify the causes and these difficulties and to indicate the solutions that can be proposed to avoid these difficulties. The study recommended the following:

1. The need to find more financing institutions for the contracting sector than the current ones, which are limited to banks, and to allow insurance companies to enter this field in order to reduce the cost of borrowing for contractors.

2. The specifications should be open and the engineer should not interfere with selection, but approval only if the specific conditions of the specification are met.

3.It is necessary for the engineer not to interfere in approving the program because the program is the responsibility of the contractor and he is more knowledgeable about the implementation process, and that it is only for viewing and follow-up.

Keywords: delay, construction projects, Aiy municipality

ABSTRACT: 

This paper explores the potential future rise of Bitcoin from $20,000 to $200,000 within five years, placing this forecast within a broader historical and economic context. The study begins by reviewing the evolution of money, from early barter and coin-based systems to the dominance of fiat currencies, particularly the U.S. dollar after the Bretton Woods agreement. In 2009, Bitcoin was introduced as a decentralized digital currency built on blockchain technology, offering an alternative to traditional financial systems. The primary aim of this study is to assess whether Bitcoin can sustain its upward growth trend and to identify the factors that may support or hinder its development. The need for this research emerges from ongoing uncertainty about the role of cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin often viewed either as a high-risk asset or as a disruptive force in global finance. In this context, the paper also compares Bitcoin to gold. While gold has long been used as a hedge against inflation and economic instability, Bitcoin is increasingly regarded as "digital gold" due to its scarcity, portability, and decentralized nature. The methodology includes a historical review of Bitcoin’s price performance from 2009 to 2022, an analysis of blockchain’s role in financial innovation, and an evaluation of macroeconomic trends, institutional adoption, and regulatory developments. A timeline of price milestones is included to illustrate key phases in Bitcoin's growth. The findings suggest that, despite short-term volatility and regulatory challenges, Bitcoin’s limited supply and rising global interest could drive a tenfold increase in its value. The study emphasizes the importance of early adoption, particularly in emerging economies, where digital transformation can open new pathways. Delaying this shift may result in missed opportunities for long-term economic advancement.

Keywords:   Bitcoin Growth,  Digital Transformation, Gold.